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System Design Fundamentals

A reading path through the system-design library: foundations first, then the building blocks every architecture reuses, then data-at-scale topics, low-level design, and finally full case studies that put it all together. Each item is a guide — mark it complete as you finish reading.

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01Foundations

The vocabulary and trade-offs everything else assumes.

Scalability — Vertical vs Horizontal2 min read

Start here — vertical vs horizontal, and why it matters.

CAP Theorem & Consistency Models2 min read
API Design — REST, gRPC, GraphQL3 min read
Microservices vs Monoliths2 min read

02Core building blocks

The boxes you'll draw in every single interview.

Load Balancing2 min read
Caching Strategies2 min read

The most common follow-up area — know invalidation strategies.

Content Delivery Networks2 min read
Rate Limiting2 min read
Consistent Hashing2 min read

03Data at scale

Database Replication3 min read
Database Sharding2 min read
Distributed Transactions & Sagas4 min read
Message Queues & Event Streaming2 min read
Real-Time Delivery — Polling, SSE, WebSockets3 min read
Observability — Logs, Metrics, Traces4 min read

04Object-oriented design (LLD)

For machine-coding and low-level design rounds.

SOLID Principles2 min read
Design Patterns for Interviews2 min read
Class Diagrams & UML, the Useful Subset2 min read
How to Run an LLD Interview2 min read

05First case studies

Apply the blocks — start small, end with a full product.

Design a URL Shortener4 min read

The canonical warm-up design.

LLD: Design a Parking Lot3 min read

The canonical LLD prompt.

Design Typeahead / Autocomplete3 min read
Design a Web Crawler3 min read
Design Instagram3 min read

A full news-feed architecture.